Title: Housekeeping in Old Virginia/ Containing Contributions from Two Hundred and Fifty Ladies in Virginia and Her Sister States...
Author: Tyree, Marion Cabell
Publisher: Richmond, Va. : J. W. Randolph & English




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HOUSEKEEPING
IN
OLD VIRGINIA





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HOUSEKEEPING
IN OLD VIRGINIA. CONTAININGCONTRIBUTIONS FROM TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY LADES IN VIRGINIA AND HER SISTER STATES, DISTINGUISHED FOR THEIR SKILL IN THE CULINARY ART, AND OTHER BRANCHES OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

> EDITED BYMARION CABELL TYREE.


"Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.....She looketh well to the ways of her household and eateth not the bread of idleness."


Prov., Chap. 31, verses 10 and 27.

J. W. RANDOLPH & ENGLISH,
1302 & 4 MAIN STREET,
RICHMOND.
1878.




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COPYRIGHT BY
MARION CABELL TYREE.
1877





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> GENERAL CONTENTS.



PAGE

Preface............................................ 7

List of Contributors............................... 11

Bread.............................................. 19

Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate......................... 61

Milk and Butter.................................... 65

Soup............................................... 68

Oysters and other Shell Fish....................... 85

Fish............................................... 97

Game............................................... 107

Meats.............................................. 114

Beef and Veal...................................... 136

Mutton and Lamb.................................... 168

Poultry............................................ 176

Salads............................................. 190

Sauces............................................. 200

Brunswick Stews, Gumbo, and Side Dishes............ 211

Eggs............................................... 232

Vegetables......................................... 238

Pickles and Catsups................................ 255

Cake............................................... 304



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PAGE

Icing.............................................. 348

Gingerbread........................................ 350

Small Cakes........................................ 353

Puddings........................................... 365

Pudding Sauces..................................... 401

Pastry............................................. 404

Fritters and Pancakes.............................. 416

Jelly, Blanc-mange, Charlotte Russe, Baked Custard, Creams, and Miscellaneous Desserts............ 417

Ice Cream and Frozen Custard....................... 430

Fruit Desserts..................................... 442

Preserves and Fruit Jellies........................ 443

Confectionery...................................... 458

Wines.............................................. 461

Beverages, Cordials, etc........................... 468

The Sick-Room-Diet and Remedies for the Sick....... 476

House-cleaning, etc................................ 497

Recipes for Restoring Old Clothes, Setting Colors, Removing Stains, etc.......................... 505

Miscellaneous Recipes.............................. 508




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> PREFACE.


VIRGINIA, or the Old Dominion, as her children delight to call her, has always been famed for the style of her living. Taught by the example of her royal colonial governors, and the numerous adherents of King Charles, who brought hither in their exile the graces and luxuriousness of his brilliant court, she became noted among the colonies for the princely hospitality of her people and for the beauty and richness of their living. But when at length her great son in the House of Burgesses sounded the cry of war, and her people made haste to gird themselves for the long struggle, her daughters, not to be outdone either in services or patriotism, set about at once the inauguration of a plan of rigid retrenchment and reform in the domestic economy, while at the same time exhibiting to their sisters a noble example of devotion and self-sacrifice.


Tearing the glittering arms of King George from their side-boards, and casting them, with their costly plate and jewels, as offerings into the lap of the Continental Congress, they intro-duced in their homes that new style of living in which, discard-ing all the showy extravagance of the old, and retaining only


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its inexpensive graces, they succeeded in perfecting that system which, surviving to this day, has ever been noted for its beautiful and elegant simplicity.


This system, which combines the thrifty frugality of New England with the less rigid style of Carolina, has been justly pronounced, by the throngs of admirers who have gathered from all quarters of the Union around the generous boards of her illustrious sons, as the very perfection of domestic art.


It is the object of the compiler of this book, for she does not claim the title of author, to bring within the reach of every American housekeeper who may desire it, the domestic principles and practices of these famous Virginia homes. In doing this she has not sought to pursue the plan adopted by so many authors of such books--to depend upon her own authorship for her rule. She confesses that in this matter her labors have been largely editorial.


Through a long life it has been her good fortune to be a frequent visitor, and often the intimate guest and kinswoman, at many of these homes; and she has sought, by the opportunities thus afforded, and guided by her own extensive experience as a housekeeper, to gather and select from these numerous sources those things which seemed to her best and most useful to the practical housewife, and which, carefully observed, would bring the art within reach of all who have the ambition to acquire it.


It will be seen that she is indebted to near 250 contributors to her book. Among these will be found many names famous


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through the land. Associated with them will be discovered others of less national celebrity, but who have acquired among their neighbors an equally merited distinction for the beautiful order and delightful cuisine of their homes.


The labors of the writer have been greatly lightened by the kindness of these contributors. And she desires in this public way to renew her thanks for the aid which they have given her, but even more for the goodness which prompts them, at cost of their sensitiveness, to allow her to append their names to the recipes which they furnish.


The book, after great care in its preparation, is now offered to the public with much confidence. All that is here presented has been so thoroughly tested, and approved by so many of the best housekeepers in Virginia, that she feels it must meet with a cordial and very general reception at the hands of all accomplished housewives throughout the land, and will supply a long-felt and real need.


If she shall thus succeed in disseminating a knowledge of the practice of the most admirable system of domestic art known in our country; if she shall succeed in lightening the labors of the housewife by placing in her reach a guide which will be found always trusty and reliable; if she shall thus make her tasks lighter and home-life sweeter; if she shall succeed in contributing something to the health of American children by instructing their mothers in the art of preparing light and wholesome and palatable food; if she, above all, shall succeed in making American homes more attractive to American husbands, and spare


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them a resort to hotels and saloons for those simple luxuries which their wives know not how to provide; if she shall thus add to the comfort, to the health and happy contentment of these, she will have proved in some measure a public benefactor, and will feel amply repaid for all the labor her work has cost.


MARION CABELL TYREE.


LYNCHBURG, VA., January, 1877.





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> LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.



MRS. ROBERT ALEXANDER ..................Fredericksburg, Va.

MRS. JOHN J. AMBLER..............................Lynchburg.

MRS. JUDGE ANDERSON..............................Lexington.

MRS. CHARLOTTE ARMSTRONG..........................Richmond.

MISS NANNIE AVERETT.............................Amherst Co.

"MOZIS ADDUMS."...................................Richmond.

MRS. R. T. H. ADAMS..............................Lynchburg.

MRS. JOHN T. ANDERSON.............................Virginia.

MRS. JOHN THOMPSON BROWN.........................Nelson Co.

MRS. BENJAMIN J. BARBOUR.........................Orange Co.

MRS. JUDGE BARTON...........................Fredericksburg.

MISS MARY BELLA BEALE.............................Richmond.

MRS. ORVILLE BELL..................................Liberty.

MRS. C. S. BLISS.................................Lynchburg.

MRS. S. BRADY............................Wheeling, West Va.

MRS. EMMA BRECKINRIDGE...........................Fincastle.

MRS. JULIA BRECKINRIDGE..........................   "  

MRS. BRINCKERHOFF...........................Fredericksburg

MRS. JOHN BROOKE.................................Lexington.

MRS. M. B...........................Warrenton, Fauquier Co.

MRS. BRUCE........................................Virginia.

MRS. MARCUS B. BUCK.................Front Royal, Warren Co.

MRS. ARMSTEAD BURWELL..........................Franklin Co.



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MRS. CHARLES W. BURWELL...................Ellicot City, Md.

MRS. WM. BURWELL...................................Georgia.

MRS. CHARLES BUTTON..............................Lynchburg.

DR. BURNEY.................................Montgomery, Ala.

MRS. GEORGE A. BURKS.............................Lynchburg.

MRS. BROADDUS...............................Mecklenburg Co.

MRS. BYRD.........................................Virginia.

MRS. WILLIAM CAMERON............................Petersburg.

MRS. CLARA CABELL................................Nelson Co.

MRS. LOUIS W. CABELL.........................Buckingham Co

MRS. MARGARET C. CABELL......................   "   "

MRS. H. COALTER CABELL............................Richmond.

MRS. MARY C. CAMPBELL........................Baltimore, Md.

MRS. THOS. CAMPBELL.............................Bedford Co.

MRS. WM. CAMPBELL...............................   "   "

MRS. ELIZA H. CARRINGTON........................Halifax Co.

MRS. PAUL CARRINGTON............................   "   "

MRS. FANNIE CARRINGTON........................Charlotte Co.

MRS. HENRY CARRINGTON..........................   "   "

MRS. THEO. M. CARSON.............................Lynchburg

MR. EDWARD CAMM..................................   "  

MRS. FANNIE CHALMERS.............................   "  

MRS. ADDISON COBBS.....................Charleston, West Va.

MRS. ALICE COLEMAN..............................Halifax Co.

MRS. DR. COLEMAN .............................Williamsburg.

MRS. JOHN L. COLES.......................Northumberland Co.

MRS. PEYTON COLES.............................Albemarle Co.

MRS. TUCKER COLES.............................   "     "  

MRS. RALEIGH COLSTON..............................Richmond.

MRS. H. P. CHEW.............................Fredericksburg.

MRS. CAMILLUS CHRISTIAN..........................Lynchburg.

DR. E. A. CRAIGHILL..............................   "  

MRS. D. CONE.....................................Warren Co



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MRS. DAVIS.................................Chesterfield Co

MRS. ROBERT J. DAVIS.............................Lynchburg.

MRS. MARY M. DAME.................................Danville.

MRS. JOHN B. DANGERFIELD........................Alexandria.

MRS. ADDISON M. DAVIES...........................Lynchburg

MRS. HORATIO DAVIS.........................Pittsylvania Co.

MRS. FRANK DEANE.................................Lynchburg

MRS. JOS. DEANS..............................Gloucester Co.

MRS. JUDGE ASA DICKINSON..................Prince Edward Co.

MRS. MELVILLE DUNN................................Richmond.

MRS. ANDREW DUNN................................Petersburg

MRS. DUKE.......................................Suffolk Co.

MISS D. D..........................................Norfolk.

MISS DIDLAKE.....................................Lynchburg.

MRS. MARIA EDMONDS........................Prince Edward Co.

MRS. JOHN T. EDWARDS.............................Lynchburg.

MRS. DR. EARLY...................................   "  

MRS. EARLY.......................................   "  

MRS. J. D. EWING..............................Harrisonburg.

MRS. ELAM.........................................Virginia.

MRS. FITZ HUGH....................................   "  

MRS. F. B. FICKLIN..........................Fredericksburg.

MRS. F. F. FITZGERALD............................Farmville.

MRS. J. H. FIGGAT................................Fincastle.

MRS. COL. FORSBERG...............................Lynchburg.

MRS. GRAVES.......................................Kentucky.

MRS. CAROLINE GARLAND............................Lynchburg.

MRS. MARY L. GARLAND.............................   "  

MRS. JOHN F. GARDNER.............................Nelson Co.

MRS. JUDGE GEO. H. GILMER..................Pittsylvania Co.

MRS. F. D. GOODWIN..............................Wytheville.

MRS. JUDGE GOOLRICK.........................Fredericksburg

MRS. JANE V. GOOLRICK.......................   "  



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MRS. E. P. GOGGIN................................Lynchburg.

MRS. SUSAN GOGGIN...............................Bedford Co.

MRS. NEWTON GORDON...............................Lynchburg.

MRS. ISABELLA GILMER.............................   "  

MRS. ISABELLA HARRISON.....................Charles City Co.

MRS. ELVIRA HENRY.............................Charlotte Co.

MRS. E. WINSTON HENRY.........................   "   "

MRS. MARY G. HARDING..............................Staunton.

MRS. FRED. HICKEY................................Lynchburg.

MRS. JOHN W. HOLT...............................   "  

MRS. ANN HOLT......................................Liberty.

MRS. FERDINAND C. HUTTER.........................Lynchburg.

MRS. J. P. HUBBARD..................Shepherdstown, West Va.

MRS. WM. L. HYLAND....................Parkersburg, West Va.

MRS. EDWARD INGLE...............................Roanoke Co.

MRS. J. J. IRBY............................New Orleans, La.

MRS. JOSEPH M. JONES..............................Kentucky.

MRS. DR. JONES..................................Bedford Co.

MRS. ARTHUR JOHNS...........................Northampton Co.

MRS. COL. JOHNSON................................Lexington.

MRS. J. JOHNSON...................................Abingdon.

MRS. THOMAS L. JOHNSON...........................Lynchburg.

MRS. DAVID KENT.................................Pulaski Co.

MRS. D. B. KINCKLE...............................Lynchburg.

MRS. KINSOLVING.................................Halifax Co.

MRS. KNOX...................................Fredericksburg.

MRS. DR. HENRY LATHAM............................Lynchburg.

MR. K..............................................Norfolk.

MRS. L. D. LEIGHTON.............................Petersburg.

MRS. COL. AUGUSTINE LEFTWICH.....................Lynchburg.

MRS. GEN. ROBERT E. LEE......."Arlington," Westmoreland Co.

MISS MILDRED C. LEE..............................Lexington

MRS. GOV. JOHN LETCHER...........................   "  



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MRS. DR. ROBERT T. LEMMON......................Campbell Co.

MRS. ANDREW LEWIS.............................Harrisonburg

MRS. JAMES LANGHORN..............................Lynchburg

MRS. JOHN A. LANGHORNE.......................Montgomery Co

MRS. NANNIE A. LANGHORNE........................Lynchburg.

MRS. RICHARD T. LACY.............................   "  

MRS. M. L........................................   "  

MRS. GEO. D. LAWRENCE.................................Miss.

MRS. WM. H. LITTLE..........................Fredericksburg.

MRS. J. D. L.....................................Lynchburg.

L. D. L.......................................Albemarle Co.

MRS. GOV. MARYE.............................Fredericksburg.

MRS. JOHN MASON.............................   "  

MRS. O. MASSIE..............................Brooklyn, N. Y.

MRS. PATRICK MASSIE..............................Nelson Co.

MRS. SARAH MEEM...................................Abingdon.

MRS. JOHN F. MILLER..............................Lynchburg.

MRS. CHARLES L. C. MINOR........................Blacksburg.

MRS. C. C. MCPHAIL............................Charlotte Co.

MRS. JOHN R. MCDANIEL............................Lynchburg.

MRS. MARY MCNUTT..........................Prince Edward Co.

MRS. R. K. MEADE................................Petersburg.

MRS. WM. H. MOSBY...............................Amherst Co.

MRS. ALICE MURREL................................Lynchburg.

MRS. WM. MCFARLAND................................Missouri.

MRS. C. V. MCGEE.......................................Ala.

MRS. MCGAVOCK...................................Pulaski Co.

GEN. M............................................Virginia.

MRS. JAMES J. MOORE...............................Richmond.

MRS. GEO. NEWTON...................................Norfolk.

MISS FANNIE NELSON................................Yorktown

MRS. GEO. NICHOLS...............................Bedford Co

MRS. GEN. F. T. NICHOLS....................New Orleans, La



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MRS. CHARLES NORVEL..............................Lynchburg

MISS NORWOOD......................................Richmond

MRS. ROBERT L. OWEN..............................Lynchburg

MRS. GEO. W. PALMER..............................Saltville

MRS. R. L. PAGE....................................Norfolk

MRS. DAVID PIERCE........................... ...Wytheville.

MRS. JOHN D. POWELL.............................Portsmouth.

MRS. WM. BALLARD PRESTON.....................Montgomery Co

MRS. GEN. ROBERT PRESTON.....................   "   "

MRS. JAS. PRESTON............................   "   "

MRS. PRESTON......................................Virginia

MRS. ANNIS E. PRESTON............................Lynchburg.

MRS. RICHARD POLLARD.............................   "  

MRS. JAMES F. PAYNE..............................   "  

MISS ELIZA PAYNE.................................   "  

MRS. ANNIE PHILLIPS.........................Fredericksburg.

MRS. EDMUND H. PENDLETON..................Cincinnati, Ohio.

MRS. PRICE....................................Charlotte Co.

MRS. JOHN H. PARKER........................Chesterfield Co.

MRS. REID..........................................Norfolk.

MRS. MATTIE REID................................Winchester.

MRS. DAVID S. READ..............................Roanoke Co.

MRS. WM. C. RIVES.............................Albemarle Co.

MRS. J. HENRY RIVES..............................Lynchburg.

MRS. ROANE.......................................   "  

MRS. J. H. ROBINSON..............................   "  

MRS. W. RUSSELL ROBINSON..........................Richmond.

MRS. DR. EDWARD T. ROBINSON.....................   "  

MRS. JOHN ROBERTS...........................Fredericksburg.

MRS. E. M. RUGGLES..........................   "  

MRS. DR. SALE......................................Liberty.

MRS. GEO. D. SAUNDERS........................Buckingham Co.

MRS. ANN SAUNDERS................................Lynchburg.



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MRS. JAMES A. SEDDON......................... Goochland Co.

MRS. DR. SEMPLE....................................... Ala.

MRS. H. H. SERVICE..............................Alexandria.

MRS. J. W. SHIELDS................................Richmond.

MRS. JAS. W. SHIELDS..........................King Geo. Co.

MRS. H. T. SILVERTHORN...........................Lynchburg.

MRS. WM. A. STROTHER............................   "  

MR. WM. A. STROTHER.............................   "  

MRS. JOHN W. STONE..............................   "  

MRS. JOHN F. SLAUGHTER..........................   "  

MISS LILLIE SLAUGHTER...........................   "  

MRS. KATE SLAUGHTER.............................   "  

MRS. JUDGE SPENCE...............................   "  

MRS. HENDERSON SUTER...............................Liberty.

MRS. HARRIET STANSBURY.....................New Orleans, La.

MRS. SHANNON..........................................Miss.

MISS ELLEN SHUTE...........................New Orleans, La.

MISS REBECCA SMITH.................................Norfolk.

MRS. CHARLES SHARP.................................   "  

MRS. SPARKS.......................................Virginia.

MRS. COL. SMITH............................Pittsylvania Co.

MRS. A. H. M. TALIAFERRO.........................Orange Co.

MRS. MARY W. TAYLOR............................Campbell Co.

MRS. MAJOR THOS. L. TAYLOR...................Campbell C. H.

MISS JULIA THOMPSON...........................Williamsburg.

MRS. C. L. THOMPSON...............................Richmond.

MRS. J. HANSON THOMAS........................Baltimore, Md.

MRS. ELI TUTWILER................................Lexington.

MRS. SAMUEL TYREE................................Lynchburg.

MRS. JOHN H. TYREE...............................   "  

MRS. JAS. TAYLOR............................Fredericksburg.

MISS EDMONIA TAYLOR..............................Orange Co.

MRS. TUCKER.......................................Virginia.



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MRS. JUDGE WATSON.................................Abingdon

MRS. DR. THOS. WALKER............................Lynchburg

MRS. COL. W.....................................   "  

MRS. COL. ROBERT E. WITHERS.....................Wytheville.

MRS. PHILIP T. WITHERS...........................Lynchburg.

MRS. DR. R W. WITHERS..........................Campbell Co.

MRS. EDMUND WITHERS..............................Nelson Co.

MRS. DR. WINGFIELD................................Maryland.

MRS. R. M. C. WINGFIELD.........................Portsmouth.

MRS. J. C. WHEAT................................Winchester.

MRS. JUDGE WHARTON.................................Liberty.

MISS EMILY WHITEHEAD...............................Norfolk.

MRS. ROBERT WHITEHEAD............................Nelson Co.

MRS. JOHN M. WARWICK.............................Lynchburg.

MRS. WM. N. WELFORD..............................   "  

MR. PHILIP WITHERS...............................   "  

MISS KATE WILSON.................................   "  

DR. THOS. L. WALKER..............................   "  

MISS NANNIE S. LANGHORNE.........................   "  




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> HOUSEKEEPING IN OLD VIRGINIA.

> BREAD.


BREAD is so vitally important an element in our nourishment that I have assigned to it the first place in my work. Truly, as Frederika Bremer says, "when the bread rises in the oven, the heart of the housewife rises with it," and she might have added that the heart of the housewife sinks in sympathy with the sinking bread.


I would say to housewives, be not daunted by one failure, nor by twenty. Resolve that you will have good bread, and never cease striving after this result till you have effected it. If per-sons without brains can accomplish this, why cannot you? I would recommend that the housekeeper acquire the practice as well as the theory of bread-making. In this way, she will be able to give more exact directions to her cook and to more readily detect and rectify any blemish in the bread. Besides, if circumstances should throw her out of a cook for a short time, she is then prepared for the emergency. In this country fortunes are so rapidly made and lost, the vicissitudes of life are so sudden, that we know not what a day may bring forth. It is not uncommon to see elegant and refined women brought suddenly face to face with emergencies which their practical knowledge of household economy and their brave hearts enable them to firmly meet and overcome.


To return to the bread question, however. Good flour is an indispensable requisite to good bread. Flour, whether old or


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new, should always be sunned and aired before being used. In the morning, get out the flour to be made up at night for next morning's breakfast. Sift it in a tray and put it out in the sun, or, if the day is damp, set it near the kitchen fire. Only experi ence will enable you to be a good judge of flour. One test is to rub the dry flour between your fingers, and if the grains feel round, it is a sign that the flour is good. If after trying a barrel of flour twice, you find it becomes wet and sticky, after being made up of the proper consistency, you had better then return it to your grocer.


The best flour is worthless without good yeast. Yeast made up in the morning ought to be fit for use at night. It should be foamy and frothy, with a scent slightly like ammonia. After closely following the directions for yeast-making, given in the subsequent pages, the bread will be apt to succeed, if the flour employed is good.


There is a great art in mixing bread, and it is necessary to observe a certain rotation in the process. To make a small quantity of bread, first sift one quart of flour; into that sift a teaspoonful of salt, next rub in an Irish potato, boiled and mashed fine, then add a piece of lard the size of a walnut, and next a half teacup of yeast in which three teaspoonfuls of white sugar have been stirred. (Under no circumstances use soda or saleratus in your light dough.) Then make into a soft dough with cold water in summer, and lukewarm in winter. Knead without intermission for half an hour, by the clock. Otherwise five minutes appear to be a half hour when bread is being kneaded or beaten. Then place it in a stone crock, greased with lard at the bottom, and set it to rise. In summer, apply no artificial heat to it, but set it in a cool place. As bread rises much more quickly in summer than in winter, you must make allowance for this difference, during the respective seasons. The whole process, including both the first and second rising, may be accomplished in seven or eight hours in summer, though this will be regulated partly by the flour, as some kinds of flour rise


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much more quickly than others. In summer you may make it up at nine o'clock p.m., for an eight o'clock breakfast next morning, but in winter, make it up at seven p.m., and then set it on a shelf under which a lighted coal-oil lamp is placed. If you can have a. three-cornered shelf of slate or sheet-iron, placed in a corner of the kitchen, just above the bread block, it will be all the better, though a common wooden shelf, made very thin, will answer, where you cannot get the other. The coal-oil lamp underneath without running the risk of burning the shelf (if wooden), will keep the bread gently heated all night, and will answer the double purpose of keeping a light burning, which most persons like to do at night, and which they can do with scarcely any expense, by using a coal-oil lamp.


Never knead bread a second time in the morning, as this ruins it. Handle lightly as possible, make into the desired shapes and put into the moulds in which it is to be baked. Grease your hands before doing this, so as to grease the loaf or each roll as you put it in, or else dip a feather in lard and pass lightly over the bread just before putting it in the oven to bake. Let it be a little warmer during the second rise than during the first. Always shape and put in the moulds two hours before breakfast. If hot bread is desired for dinner, re-serve part of the breakfast dough, keeping it in the kitchen in winter, and in the refrigerator in summer till two hours before dinner.


In baking, set the bread on the floor of the stove or range, never on the shelf. Always turn up the damper before baking any kind of bread. As you set the bread in the stove, lay a piece of stiff writing paper over it to keep it from browning be-fore heating through. Leave the door ajar a few minutes, then remove the paper and shut the door. When the top of the loaf is a light amber color, put back the paper that the bread may not brown too much while thoroughly baking. Turn the mould around so that each part may be exposed to equal heat. Have an empty baking-pan on the shelf above the bread, to prevent it


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from blistering: some persons fill the pan with water, but I think this is a bad plan, as the vapor injures the bread. When thor-oughly done, wrap the bread a few moments in a clean, thick, oread towel and send to the table with a napkin over it, to be kept on till each person has taken his seat at table.


I would suggest to housekeepers to have made at a tinner's, a sheet-iron shape for bread, eight inches long, four and one-half inches wide, and five and one-half deep. This is somewhat like a brickbat in shape, only deeper, and is very desirable for bread that is to be cut in slices, and also for bread that is to be pulled off in slices. A quart of flour will make eight large rolls, six inches high, for this mould, and three or four turnovers. It is a nice plan after making out the eight rolls to roll them with greased hands till each one will reach across the pan (four and one-half inches), making eight slices of bread which will pull off beautifully when well done, and thus save the task of slicing with a knife. It requires an hour to bake this bread properly.


Do not constantly make bread in the same shapes: each morning, try to have some variation. Plain light bread dough may be made into loaves, rolls, twist, turnovers, light biscuit, etc., and these changes of shape make a pleasant and appetizing variety in the appearance of the table. The addition of three eggs to plain light bread dough will enable you to make French rolls, muffins, or Sally-Lunn of it. As bread is far more appetizing, baked in pretty shapes, I would suggest the snow-ball shape for muffins and egg bread. Very pretty iron shapes (eight or twelve in a group, joined together) may be procured from almost any tinner.


If you should have indifferent flour of which you cannot get rid, bear in mind that it will sometimes make excellent beaten biscuit when it will not make good light bread. In making beaten buscuit, always put one teaspoonful of salt, a piece of lard the size of an egg, and a teacup of milk to a quart of flour, adding enough cold water to make a stiff dough: no other ingredients are admissible. Make the dough much stiffer than


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for other breads, beat steadily a half hour, by the clock. Cut with a biscuit cutter or shape by hand, being careful to have the shape of each alike and perfect. Make them not quite half an inch thick, as they rise in baking. Do not let them touch each other in the pan, and let the oven be very hot. It is well not to have beaten biscuit and light bread baked at the same time, as they require different degrees of heat. When two kinds of bread are required, try to have two such as require the same amount of heat. Egg bread and corn muffins require the same degree of heat as beaten biscuit, while Sally-Lunn and muffins need the same as light bread.


There is no reason why the poor man should not have as well prepared and palatable food as the wealthy, for, by care and pains, the finest bread may be made of the simplest materials, and surely the loving hands of the poor man's wife and daughter will take as much pains to make his bread nice and light as hirelings will do for the wealthy. The mistake generally made by persons in restricted circumstances is to make too great a use of soda bread, which is not only less wholesome, but is more expensive than light bread or beaten biscuit, as it requires more ingredients. The bread, coffee and meat, which constitute the poor man's breakfast, properly cooked, furnish a meal fit for a prince.


The furnishing of the kitchen is so important that I must here say a few words on the subject. First, the housekeeper must have a good stove or range, and it is well for her to have the dealer at hand when it is put up, to see that it draws well. Besides the utensils furnished with the range or stove, she must provide every kitchen utensil needed in cooking. She must have a kitchen safe,--a bread block in the corner, furnished with a heavy iron beater; trays, sifters (with iron rims) steamers, colanders, a porcelain preserving kettle, perforated skimmers and spoons, ladles, long-handled iron forks and spoons, sharp knives and skewers, graters, egg beaters (the Dover is the best), plenty of extra bread pans, dippers and tins of every kind, iron moulds for egg bread and muffins, wash pans, tea


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towels, bread towels, and hand towels, plates, knives, forks and spoons for use of the servants, a pepper box, salt box and dredge box (filled), a match safe, and last, but not least, a clock. Try as far as possible to have the utensils of metal, rather than of wood. In cases where you cannot have cold and hot water conveyed into the kitchen, always keep on the stove a kettle of hot water, with a clean rag in it, in which all greasy dishes and kitchen utensils may be washed before being rinsed in the kitchen wash pan. Always keep your cook well supplied with soap, washing mops and coarse linen dish rags. I have noticed that if you hem the latter, servants are not so apt to throw them away. Insist on having each utensil cleaned immediately after being used. Have shelves and proper places to put each article, hooks to hang the spoons on, etc. If you cannot have an oil-cloth on your kitchen floor, have it oiled and then it may be easily and quickly wiped over every morning. Once a week, have the kitchen and every article in it thoroughly cleaned. First clean the pipe of the stove, as the dust, soot and ashes fly over the kitchen and soil everything. Then take the stove to pieces, as far as practicable, cleaning each part, especially the bottom, as neglect of this will prevent the bread from baking well at the bottom. After the stove is thoroughly swept out,--oven and all, apply stove polish. I consider "Crumbs of Comfort" the best preparation for this purpose. It comes in small pieces, each one of which is sufficient to clean the stove once, and is thus less apt to be wasted or thrown away by servants than stove polish that comes in a mass. Next remove everything from the kitchen safe and shelves, which must be scoured before replacing the utensils belonging to them, and these too must first be scoured, scalded, and wiped dry. Then wash the windows, and lastly the floor, scouring the latter unless it is oiled, in which case, have it merely wiped over.


Never let a servant take up ashes in a wooden vessel. Keep a sheet-iron pan or scuttle for the purpose. At night, always have the water buckets filled with water and also the kettles,


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setting the latter on the stove or range, in case of sickness or any emergency during the night. Have kindling wood at hand also, so that a fire may be quickly made, if needed.


Sometimes a discoloration is observable in iron kettles or other iron vessels. This may be avoided by filling them with hay before using them. Pour water over the hay, set the vessel on the fire and let it remain till the water boils. After this, scour in sand and ashes--then wash in hot soap-suds, after which process, there will be no danger of discoloration.


> HOUSEHOLD MEASURES.



Wheat Flour. 1 lb. is 1 quart.

Indian Meal. 1 lb. 2 oz. are 1 quart.

Butter, when soft, 1 lb. is 1 pint.

Loaf sugar, broken, 1 lb. is 1 quart.

White sugar, powdered, 1 lb. 1 oz. are 1 quart.

Best brown sugar, 1 lb. 2 oz. are 1 quart.

Ten eggs are 1 lb.

Flour. 8 quarts are 1 peck.

   "   4 pecks are 1 bushel.

16 large tablespoonfuls are 1/2 pint.

8 large tablespoonfuls are 1 gill.

2 gills are 1/2 pint.

A common sized tumbler holds 1/2 pint.

A tablespoonful is 1/2 oz.

60 drops are equal to a teaspoonful.

4 teaspoonfuls are equal to 1 tablespoonful.


YEAST.

Boil one quart of Irish potatoes in three quarts of water. When done, take out the potatoes, one by one, on a fork, peel and mash them fine, in a tray, with a large iron spoon, leaving the boiling water on the stove during the process. Throw in this water a handful of hops, which must scald, not boil, as it turns the tea very dark to let the hops boil.




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Add to the mashed potatoes a heaping teacupful of powdered white sugar and half a teacupful of salt; then slowly stir in the strained hop tea, so that there will be no lumps. When milk-warm add a teacupful of yeast and pour into glass fruit jars, or large, clear glass bottles, to ferment, being careful not to close them tightly. Set in a warm place in winter, a cool one in summer. In six hours it will be ready for use, and at the end of that time the jar or bottle must be securely closed. Keep in a cold room in winter, and in the refrigerator in summer. This yeast will keep two weeks in winter and one week in summer. Bread made from it is always sweet.--Mrs. S. T.





IRISH POTATO YEAST.



1 quart of potatoes, boiled and mashed fine.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

1/2 teacup of sugar.
Put two cups of flour in a bowl, and pour over it three cups of strong hop-water, scalding hot, and stir it briskly.


Then put all the ingredients in a jar together, and when cool enough, add a cup of yeast, or leaven.


Set it by the fire to rise.


It will be ready for use in five or six hours.--Mrs. E.





Another Recipe for Yeast.



12 large potatoes, boiled and mashed fine.

1 teacup of brown sugar.

1 teacup of salt.

1 gallon of hop tea.
Mix the ingredients well, and when milk-warm, add a pint of yeast. Set it in a warm place to rise. Put one teacupful of this yeast, when risen, to two quarts of flour.--Mrs. Dr. S.





Yeast that Never Fails.

Boil twelve potatoes in four quarts of water till reduced to three quarts.




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Then take out and mash the potatoes, and throw into the water three handfuls of hops.


When the hops have boiled to a good tea, strain the water over the potatoes, a small quantity at a time, mixing them well together.


Add one teacup of brown sugar.


1 teacup of salt.


1 tablespoonful of ground ginger.


When milk-warm, add yeast of the same sort to make it rise.


Put it in bottles, or a jug, leaving it uncorked for a day.


Set it in a cool place.


Put two large tablespoonfuls of it to a quart of flour, and when making up, boil a potato and mix with it.


This yeast never sours, and is good as long as it lasts.--Mrs. A.F.





ALUM YEAST.

On one pint of flour pour enough boiling water to make a thick batter, stirring it until perfectly smooth, and then let it stand till milk-warm.




Then add a teaspoonful of powdered alum.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

1 tablespoonful of sugar.

Half a teacup of yeast.
After it ferments, add enough meal to make it a stiff dough.


Let it stand till it works, and then spread it in the shade to dry.


To a quart of flour put a tablespoonful of crumbs.--Mrs. P.





LEAVEN.



2 tablespoonfuls of flour.

1 tablespoonful of lard or butter.

2 tablespoonfuls of yeast.

2 eggs.

1 potato.

2 teaspoonfuls of sugar.



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Make the leaven soon after breakfast in winter, and at one o'clock P. M. in summer. Let it be of the consistency of batter. Put it in a small bucket, in a warm place, to rise till four o'clock P. M. This amount of leaven is sufficient for two quarts of flour. If for loaf bread, leave out the eggs and butter.--Mrs. M.





EXCELLENT BREAD FOR BREAKFAST.



1 quart of flour.

Lard the size of a walnut.

1 small Irish potato, boiled and mashed fine.

1 heaping teaspoonful of salt.

Half a teacup of good yeast, into which put a tablespoonful of white sugar.
Make up a soft dough with cold water in summer and milk-warm water in winter. This must be kneaded for thirty minutes, and then set to rise, in a cool place in summer, and a warm one in winter; must never be kept more than milk warm.


Two hours before breakfast, make the dough into the desired shapes, handling it lightly, without kneading it, first rubbing lard over the hands, and taking especial care to grease the bread on top. Then set it to rise again.


Thirty minutes are sufficient for baking it, unless it be in the form of a loaf or rolls, in which case, it must be baked fifteen minutes longer. Excellent muffins may be made by the above receipt, adding two eggs well beaten, so that from the same batch of dough both plain bread and muffins may be made.


Iron moulds are best for baking.


For those who prefer warm bread for dinner, it is a good plan to reserve a portion of the breakfast dough, setting it away in a cool place till two hours before dinner, then make into turnovers or twist, set it to rise and bake it for dinner, as for breakfast. Very nice on a cold day, and greatly preferable to warmed-over bread.--Mrs. S. T.






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RECIPE FOR FAMILY BREAD.



2 quarts of flour.

2 tablespoonfuls of lard or butter.

2 teaspoonfuls of salt.

Enough sponge for a two-quart loaf of bread.

Mix with one pint of sweet milk.
Make into rolls and bake with very little fire under the oven.--Mrs. A. C.





LOAF BREAD.

First make a batter of the following ingredients.




1 pint of flour.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

1 teaspoonful of sugar.

A cup of water.

A cup of good yeast.
Set this to rise and when risen work in two pints of flour, or, if the batter is not sufficient to work up this flour, add a little water.


Work it smoothly and set it to rise.


When risen, add a small piece of lard, work it well again, let it stand an hour and then bake it slowly.--Mrs. P. W.





OLD VIRGINIA LOAF BREAD.

Sponge for the same.


Boil one large Irish potato, until well done, then peel and mash it fine, adding a little cold water to soften it. Stir into it




1 teaspoonful of brown sugar.

1 tablespoonful of sweet lard.
Then add three tablespoonfuls of good hop yeast.


Mix the ingredients thoroughly, then put the sponge in a mug with a close-fitting top, and let it stand several hours to rise.


Sift into the tray three pints of the best family flour, to which


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add a teaspoonful of salt. Then pour in the sponge and add enough cold water to the flour to work it up into a rather stiff dough. Knead it till the dough is smooth, then let it stand all night to rise. Work it over in the morning, using just enough flour to keep it from sticking to the hands. Allow it one hour to rise before baking and one hour to bake in a moderate oven. Then it will be thoroughly done and well dried.


Use a little lard on the hands when making out the loaf, as it keeps the crust from being too hard.--Mrs. S.





Another Recipe for Loaf Bread.

Good flour is the first requisite, and next, good yeast and sufficient kneading.


For a loaf of ordinary size, use




2 lbs. of flour.

Lard the size of a hen's egg.

A saltspoonful of salt.

2 gills of yeast.
Mix up these ingredients into a moderately stiff dough, using for the purpose, from three gills to a pint of water. Some flour being more adhesive than others, you have to learn by experience the exact amount of water required.


Knead the dough till perfectly smooth, then set it to rise, in a cool place, in summer, but in a warm place, free from draughts, in winter. In the latter season it is better to keep a blanket wrapped around it.


This amount of flour will rise to the top of a gallon and a half jar or bucket. If it is ready before time, stir it down and set it in a cooler place.


When you put it in the baking-pan (in which it will be in an inch of the top, if the pan be of a suitable size for the amount of flour) cover it well, or a hard crust will form from the effects of the atmosphere. Keep it a little warmer during the second rise than during the first. When ready for baking, set it in the oven and bake it for three-quarters of an hour with


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a moderate fire, evenly kept up. It will then come out with-out sticking, if the pans are well cared for.--Mrs. J. J. A.





LIGHT BREAD.



2 quarts of flour.

1 teaspoonful of sugar.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

Half a teacup of yeast.

One egg, well beaten.

1 pint of water.
Sift the flour and divide it into three parts. Mix one third in the batter, one third in the jar to rise in, and pour the other third over the batter. Let it stand two hours and then work it well, adding a small piece of lard before baking.--Mrs. Dr. S.





RECIPE FOR HOT ROLLS OR COLD LOAF BREAD.

Mix the following ingredients.




Four pints of flour.

1 pint of fresh milk.

2 eggs, well beaten.

1 large tablespoonful of melted lard.

1 large tablespoonful of hop yeast.
Set it to rise at eleven o'clock in the morning, for early tea. Make into rolls at five o'clock P. M., and bake as soon as risen. In cool weather, set before the fire, both before and after making it into rolls.--Mrs. S.





FRENCH ROLLS.



1 quart of flour.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

2 eggs.

1 large tablespoonful of lard.

2 tablespoonfuls of yeast.



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Work and knead it well at night, and in the morning work it well again, make it into rolls, put them in the oven to take a second rise, and when risen, bake them.--Mrs. Col. W.





Another Recipe for French Rolls.



3 pints of flour.

1 gill of yeast.

1 egg (beaten up).

1 tablespoonful of butter.
Mix up with milk and warm water and set to rise.--Mrs. Dr. E.





Another Recipe for French Rolls or Twist.



1 quart of lukewarm milk.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

1 teacup of yeast.

Enough flour to make a stiff batter.
When very light, add one beaten egg and two teaspoonfuls of butter, and knead in the flour till stiff enough to roll. Let it rise a second time, and, when very light, roll out, cut in strips and braid it. Bake thirty minutes, on buttered tins.--Mrs. S.





VELVET ROLLS.



Three pints of flour.

Two eggs.

One teacup of sweet milk.

One teacup of yeast.

1 tablespoonful of lard, and the same of butter.

Mix well and beat the dough till it blisters.
Let it rise, work in a small quantity of flour, beat as before and make into rolls. After the second rising, bake quickly.--Mrs. Dr. S.



[GAP IN TEXT. Type: . Extent: Two Pages]


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with warm water in winter, and cold in summer. Knead half an hour. When it has risen light, handle lightly, put into a cake-mould and bake without a second kneading.--Mrs. S. T.



Another Recipe for Sally-Lunn.



1 quart of flour.

1 tablespoonful of yeast.

4 eggs well beaten.

2 oz. of butter or lard.

1 pint of milk.
Set it to rise in the pan in which it is to be baked.--Mrs. A. C.





Another Recipe for Sally-Lunn.



3 pints of flour.

1 tablespoonful of butter and the same of lard.

3 eggs.

1 light teacup of yeast.

2 large tablespoonfuls of sugar.
Use as much milk in mixing as will make a soft dough. Work this well, as it gets only one working. Then grease it, put it in a greased pan, and set it in a warm place to rise. Bake about an hour.--Mrs. Dr. T.





Recipe for the Same.



1 quart of flour.

3 tablespoonfuls of yeast.

3 eggs.

1 saltspoonful of salt.

Butter the size of an egg.
Make up with new milk into a tolerably stiff batter. Set it to rise and when risen pour into a mould and set to rise again, as light bread. Bake quickly.--Mrs. L.






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QUICK SALLY-LUNN.



1 quart of flour.

Half cup of butter.

2 eggs.

2 cups of milk.

Two teaspoonfuls of cream of tartar.

1 teaspoonful of soda.

2 tablespoonfuls of sugar.

1 saltspoonful of salt.
Bake fifteen minutes.--Mrs. Dr. S.





MUFFINS.



1 quart of flour.

6 eggs, beaten very light.

2 tablespoonfuls of butter.

2 tablespoonfuls of yeast.
--Mrs. Dr. E.





SWEET SPRING MUFFINS.

Sift three good pints of flour. Beat well six eggs, leaving out one and a half of the whites. Then beat into them as much flour as they will take in; then add milk and flour alternately (beating all the while) till all the flour is used. Add five tablespoonfuls of yeast, and when this batter is well beaten, stir into it two ounces of melted butter, cooled but liquid. The batter must be as stiff as can be beaten with an iron spoon. Bake in a hot oven.--Mrs. L.





Salt Sulphur Muffins.

Work together, about twelve o'clock in the day, one pint of yeast, half a pint of water, six eggs, one pound of butter and enough flour to make a dough just stiff enough not to stick to the fingers. After the dough is risen, make it out in biscuit and allow half an hour or more for them to rise before baking.-- rend="italic">Mrs. L.






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SUPERIOR MUFFINS.



1 quart of flour.

1 teaspoonful of salt.

1 tablespoonful of white sugar.
Rub in one heaping tablespoonful of butter and lard mixed, and one tablespoonful of Irish potato, mashed free from lumps.


Pour in three well beaten eggs and a half teacup of yeast. Make into a soft dough with warm water in winter and cold in summer. Knead well for half an hour. Set to rise where it will be milk-warm, in winter, and cool in summer. If wanted for an eight o'clock winter breakfast, make up at eight o'clock the night before. At six o'clock in the morning, make out into round balls (without kneading again), and drop into snow-ball moulds that have been well greased. Take care also to grease the hands and pass them over the tops of the muffins. Set them in a warm place for two hours and then bake.


These are the best muffins I ever ate.--Mrs. S. T.





PARKER HOUSE MUFFINS.

Boil one quart of milk. When nearly cool stir in one quart sifted flour, one teaspoonful salt, one half cup of yeast. Then stir in three well beaten eggs. Let it rise in a warm place in winter and a cool one in summer, eight or ten hours. When risen light, stir in one tablespoonful melted butter and bake in iron muffin moulds.--Mrs. W. H. M.





MUFFINS.



1 quart of flour.

1 pint milk.

3 eggs.